French researchers studied how and where E171 nanoparticles enter the bloodstream, first studying the route through pigs and then in vitro with human buccal cells, for a 2023 study published in the journal Nanotoxicology. The research showed that the nanoparticles absorbed quickly through the mouth and then into the bloodstream, before damaging DNA and hindering cell regeneration.

To be added to food, this additive must achieve 99% purity. However, this leaves room for small amounts of potential contaminants like lead, arsenic, or mercury (1Trusted Source).

≤0.3

Acknowledgments

In sunscreen, titanium dioxide is used as a barrier to keep the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays from damaging your skin. It's processed into much smaller particles than what goes into food, called nanoparticles. In this form, it becomes transparent, and also absorbs UV light so it doesn't reach your skin.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is by far the most suited white pigment to obtain whiteness and hiding power in coatings, inks and plastics. This is because it has an extremely high refractive index and it does not absorb visible light. TiO₂ is also readily available as particles with the right size (d ≈ 280 nm) and the right shape (more or less spherical) as well as with a variety of post-treatments.

However, the pigment is expensive, especially when the volume prices of systems are used. And, there always remains a need to develop a full-proof strategy to obtain the best results in terms of cost/performance ratio, scattering efficiency, dispersion… while using it in coating formulations. Are you searching for the same?

Explore the detailed knowledge of TiO₂ pigment, its scattering efficiency, optimization, selection, etc. to achieve the best possible white color strength and hiding power in your formulations.

2: Clarification mechanism of coagulant

Chemical coagulation is a process in which chemical agents (coagulants) are added to water treatment to make colloidal dispersion system destabilize and agglomerate. In the coagulation process, small suspended particles and colloidal impurities are aggregated into larger solid particles to separate particulate impurities from water, which is called coagulation clarification.

After adding coagulant into water, colloidal particles and other small particles can be polymerized into larger flocs through the comprehensive action of mixing, coagulation and flocculation. The whole process of coagulation and flocculation is called coagulation.

(1) Destabilization and condensation of colloids

Adding electrolyte to water can compress the electric double layer and destabilize the colloid. The main mechanism is that the electric double layer of colloidal particles in water is compressed or neutralized by adding aluminum salt or iron salt coagulant. The coagulant and raw water are mixed rapidly and evenly, and a series of chemical reactions are produced to destabilize. This process takes a short time, generally about 1 min. Some cationic polymers can also play a role in the destabilization and condensation of colloids in water. These polymers have a long chain structure and positive charge in water. Their destabilization and condensation of colloids in water is due to the interaction of van der Waals force adsorption and electrostatic attraction.

(2) Flocculation and formation of floc (alum)

The particle size of the initial flocculate formed by colloid destabilization and coagulation in water is generally more than 1 m. at this time, Brownian motion can no longer push them to collide and form larger particles. In order to make the initial flocs collide with each other to form large flocs, it is necessary to input additional energy into the water to produce a velocity gradient. Sometimes it is necessary to add organic polymer flocculant into water, and the adsorption bridging effect of long chain molecules of flocculant is used to improve the probability of collision and adhesion. Flocculation efficiency usually increases with the increase of flocculate concentration and flocculation time.

Compared with polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride has the advantages of high density, fast settling speed and wide pH adaptability; the coagulation effect is less affected by temperature than that of polyaluminum sulfate; however, when adding ferric salt, it should be noted that when the equipment is not in normal operation, the iron ions will make the effluent color, and may pollute the subsequent desalination equipment.

0.1% Max

A 2023 study published in the journal Particle and Fibre Toxicology set out to examine the impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice “on the course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis,” by creating an ulcerative colitis disease model. Researchers found that the titanium dioxide nanoparticles significantly increased the severity of colitis. They also “decreased the body weight, increased the disease activity index and colonic mucosa damage index scores, shortened the colonic length, increased the inflammatory infiltration in the colon.” Researchers concluded: “Oral intake of TiO2 nanoparticles could affect the course of acute colitis in exacerbating the development of ulcerative colitis, prolonging the ulcerative colitis course and inhibiting ulcerative colitis recovery.”

For a mini-review published in the journal Particle and Fibre Technology in 2021, scientists wanted to evaluate whether Ti02 particles contributed to the development and/or exacerbation of irritable bowel disease, and whether they altered the four elements of intestinal barrier function: the intestinal microbiota, the immune system, the mucus layer, and the epithelium. The breakdown of these four elements can contribute to autoimmune, neurological, inflammatory, infectious, and metabolic diseases. Following their review, the researchers concluded: “Data indicate that TiO2 is able to alter the four compartments of IBF and to induce a low-grade intestinal inflammation associated or not with pre-neoplastic lesions.” 

The photocatalytic properties of TiO 2 are used in modern technologies. Photo catalysis is the acceleration of a chemical reaction under the influence of light (UV radiation, visible radiation, infrared) in the presence of a photocatalyst. Titanium white appropriately ground to the size of nanoparticles has unique photocatalytic properties and can get from rutile titanium dioxide supplier.

The mineral appears to have low skin penetration, but it is a greater concern when inhaled frequently over time.

Titanium dioxide, a versatile and widely used material, finds its application in various industries including the rubber industry. This white pigment is known for its excellent UV resistance, durability, and opacity, making it an ideal choice for enhancing the properties of rubber products.

Hemolysis was studied on suspensions of P25TiO₂NPs (0.2 mg/mL and 0.02 mg/mL), vitaminB2@P25TiO₂NPs (0.2 mg/mL and 0.02 mg/mL) and vitamin B2 (0.2 mg/mL and 0.02 mg/mL) were prepared and mixed with 500 μL of anticoagulated blood (donated by Laboratorio de Hemoderivados, UNC) in a rate of 1/10. A solution of NaCl 10% was used as the positive control and PBS as the negative control. Then, the samples were irradiated using the LED described above for 3 and 6 h to simulate the light penetration into the skin. Also, a set of samples was kept in the dark as control. Finally, the samples were centrifuged and the absorbance at 540 nm was measured in the supernatants. The experiment was reproduced twice; the standard deviation was calculated and p-value < 0.05 were considered significant.